Formetersetersula step three – Restrict Avian Steam Inhalation Serving

V_m = the volume in liters ( L/mol) occupied by 1 mol of a gas at a temperature of 25C and pressure of 1 atm according to the ideal gas law

Formula out of Toxicity Endpoints and you can Environment Analysis

Rat acute oral and inhalation toxicity endpoints can be obtained from the “six-pack” of core studies, which are a series of six guideline studies that are submitted to the Registration Division of the Office of Pesticide Programs for formulated and technical grade products of a pesticide. Previous Health Effects Division (HED) or EFED risk assessments may contain this information. If not, these data can be obtained by contacting the appropriate risk manager in the Registration Division for a specific pesticide. Avian acute oral LD_fifty data may come from either a supplemental or acceptable study that provides the most sensitive toxicity endpoint to be used in the model. These studies may be either registrant-submitted or from open literature identified by the ECOTOXicology database (U). The decision to use data from a specific study will depend on EFED guidance related to acceptance criteria and the use of open literature (Uc). In the absence of these data, STIR cannot be used to evaluate potential risk from inhalation exposure. Depending on the use, these studies should be requested as they are required under the 40 CFR 158 regulations for most outdoor uses.

Equation seven – Avian Sprinkle Droplet Inhalation Dose

The body pounds of the looked at varieties also needs to be obtained. Default lbs presumptions towards laboratory rat, Mallard duck, and you can Bobwhite quail are provided in Blend. Accessibility other types (when it comes to wild birds) otherwise education connected with topic pets markedly different from the newest assumed human body loads necessitates the exposure assessor to own option body weight. Such research can be extracted from the analysis report when possible (time adjusted average). Alternatively, referenced body weight values could be taken from several offer, and USEPA (1993) and assessment lab.

The screening tool estimates a bird inhalation LD₅₀ value (mg/kg-bw) by applying the relationship between mammalian oral and inhalation LD₅₀ values to the most sensitive avian oral LD₅₀ value. The rat inhalation LD₅₀ is a function of the rat inhalation LC₅₀ using a modified version of the HED extrapolation method (Equation 9), which is based on the Stokinger and Woodward method of route-to-route extrapolation (Pepelko and Withey, 1985). There are numerous uncertainties related to route-to-route extrapolations, including the inability to metabolize a toxin through inhalation compared to oral exposure and absorption differences across the gut compared to the lung. This method provides a means of avoiding the extrapolation uncertainties by simply converting a concentration based endpoint, (i.e., the median lethal concentration for 50% Finns det nÃ¥gra framgÃ¥ngshistorier pÃ¥ match? of the animals tested, LC₅₀) to an equivalent median lethal inhalation dose for 50% of the animals tested (LD₅₀) based on the volume of inhaled air, body weight, animal activity, and absorption efficiency. The conversion factor (CF, Equation 10) is modified for the purposes of this model to account for the inhalation rate of the mammal on an acute basis and uses the default weight assumption of 0.350 kg based on the value used in the Terrestrial Residue EXposure model (T-REX, v1.4.1; ), which is currently used by EFED for terrestrial risk assessments for birds and mammals. The mammalian inhalation LD₅₀ is then adjusted to the body size of a 0.015 kg mammal (Equation 10) based on allometric equations relating the oral LD₅₀ to body weight as applied in the T-REX. STIR uses the ratio of avian to mammalian relative diffusion rates across lung tissue (Q_a/Q_m; US EPA 2004a) to account for differences between avian and mammalian lung membrane thickness and surface area as they relate to absorption efficiency. STIR then adjusts the estimated bird inhalation LD₅₀ (Equation 11) to the body size of a 0.020 kg bird (Equation 12) based on the allometric equation relating the avian oral LD₅₀ to body weight as applied in the T-REX.